bantu expansion genocide

Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Routledge, London 2003. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. 23 Ibid. cit. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. . The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Any proof of their numbers? It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. I'd imagine it's the same way. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. . Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. Millions? As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. 1 This article is based on a paper read at the Royal Society of Arts on 5 May 1966 and printed in that Society's Journal, CXIV (1966), 85269. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. . It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. By Ellen Rubin. What area? The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Your email address will not be published. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. Has data issue: true After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. Bantu Expansion isnt real. The Tutsi's . The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. View all Google Scholar citations Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. [41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. cit. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. fall into the classification of genocide. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.

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